What statistical method is used to predict outcomes based on one or more variables?

The correct answer, regression, is a statistical method specifically designed for predicting the value of a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables. Regression analysis is invaluable in various fields, including psychology, because it allows researchers to quantify relationships and make informed predictions.

In a regression model, the dependent variable is the outcome we are interested in predicting, while the independent variables are the predictors or factors that may influence this outcome. By estimating the relationships between these variables, regression provides a framework to make predictions and understand how changes in the independent variables are associated with changes in the dependent variable.

Other methods listed serve different purposes. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is primarily used to compare means across groups rather than for prediction. Correlation measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables but does not establish causation or predict outcomes. Factor analysis is a technique used to identify underlying relationships between variables and reduce data complexity, rather than predicting specific outcomes based on variable values.

Hence, regression is the most suitable choice for predicting outcomes as it directly tackles the relationship between variables in a predictive context.